Acronyms

A List of Acronyms and Symbols Commonly Used in AIDS Medicine1
> greater than
< less than
> greater than or equal to
< less than or equal to
a, A “alpha,” the first letter of the Greek alphabet; denotes the first in a series
Ab antibody
ACTG AIDS Clinical Trials Group
ACTU AIDS Clinical Trials Unit
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ALT alanine aminotransferase (blood test for liver enzymes)
Ag antigen
AP Aerosolized Pentamidine
ASP AIDS Service Provider (also ASO: AIDS Service Organization)
AST aspartate aminotransferase (blood test for liver enzymes)
b , B “beta,” the second letter of the Greek alphabet; denotes the second in a series
BUN blood urea nitrogen; a measure of blood chemistry
CBC Complete Blood Count; a series of tests of blood cell numbers
CBO Community-Based Organization (usually an AIDS service organization)
CBT Community-Based Trial(s) (research funded and run by community hospitals, clinics, or doctors)
cc cubic centimeter, a measure of fluid volume (e.g., a drug solution, blood, etc.)
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFAR Centers for AIDS Research
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central Nervous System (the brain and spinal nerve cord)
CPK creatinine phosphokinase (a blood test for measuring pancreatic/hepatic tissue damage)
CPCRA Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS
CSF cerebrospinal fluid  (the fluid which surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord)
cu cm archaic notation for cubic centimeter, a standard volume of liquid (see cc)
cu mm archaic notation for cubic millimeter; a standard volume of blood (see cm 3)
d , D “delta,” the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet; denotes the fourth in a series
DHHS Dept. of Health and Human Services (also HHS)
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid (primary nucleoprotein)
Dx physician shorthand for Diagnosis
EBV Epstein Barr Virus
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
et al literally “and others” (implies the existence of additional authors that are usually not listed to preserve space)
FDA Food and Drug Administration
g , G “gamma,” the third letter of the Greek alphabet; denotes the third in a series
GI gastrointestinal (having to do with the stomach, intestines, or the digestive system in general)
g, gm gram (basic metric unit of weight, roughly equal to about 1/30th of an ounce)
Hb hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein in the blood)
Hct hematocrit (measure of the number of cells in a given volume of blood; also name of centrifuge device)
Hgb another way to abbreviate hemoglobin (see above)
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (virus that causes AIDS)
HPV Human Papilloma Virus
HSV Herpes Simplex Virus
HZV Herpes Zoster Virus (see also VZV)
Hx physician shorthand for History (as in patient history)
IDU Injection Drug User; previously IVDU (IV drug user)
IFN interferon (a chemical with antiviral properties secreted by some types of immune cells)
IM intramuscular (e.g. an injection in the muscle)
IND Investigational New Drug (FDA certification allowing human clinical trials to begin)
IRB Institutional Review Board (committee that oversees/approves clinical research at hospitals/clinics)
ITP Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (a condition of low platelets)
IV intravenous; literally: “in the vein” (e.g. an injection in a vein)
IVIG IntraVenous Immune Globulin (infusion of specific antibodies, used as treatment or preventive)
kg kilogram; 1000 grams, roughly equal to 2.2 lbs. (see gm, above)
KS Kaposi’s Sarcoma (a type of cancer seen in AIDS)
l liter (a basic unit of volume, equal to about 1 quart)
LFT liver function test(s)
LIP Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis (children’s lung disease occasionally seen in AIDS patients)
m 1) “Mu,” 12th letter of the Greek alphabet;

2) micron, or micrometer (see below);

3) prefix denoting ‘one millionth-’

mm micrometer (one millionth a meter)
mM microMolar (a pharmacological measure of the concentration of a chemical or drug substance in solution, denoting one microgram per milliliter; see Molar)
M Molar (measure of concentration of a substance in a solution, denoting one (1) gram of substance in one liter of solution; basic unit of concentration in chemistry and physics)
m 1) meter (a basic unit of linear measurement, roughly equal to a yard, or 36″)

2) milli- (a prefix denoting ‘one-thousandth’)

m2 square meter (a unit of area; just as m3[a cubic meter] is a unit of volume)
MAI Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (bacterium causing the disease MAC, see below)
MAC Mycobacterium avium Complex (disease syndrome resulting from infection with MAI, see above)
mcg microgram (1/1,000,000th of a gram, rarely also mg)
MCV Mean Corpuscular Volume (a measure of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood)
mg milligram (1/1000th of a gram)
mg/Kg milligram per kilogram (usually of body weight; a pharmacologic measure denoting the dosage of a drug adequate to produce a desired effect
ml milliliter (1/1000th of a liter; see also: mm3)
mm millimeter (1/1000th of a meter)
mm3 cubic millimeter (standard fluid measure of blood or other fluid, equivalent to ml or .10 cc; e.g: a measure of “200 CD4+ T-cells/mm3″ means there are 200 T-4 cells in one cubic millimeter, or one milliliter, of blood)
mRNA messenger RNA (a special form of RNA that carries the genetic code of the active DNA in a living cell from the cell’s nucleus out to cytoplasmic areas where protein is made; there it directs the assembly of proteins in amino acid sequences, according to the genetic sequences in the original DNA strand. Messenger RNA also exists in retroviruses, and indeed is responsible for the creation of viral protein sequences that are used to form viral copies during the process of viral replication in infected cells.)
MTD Maximum Tolerated Dose; the largest dose possible before serious toxicity occurs
NCI National Cancer Institute
NDA New Drug Application (FDA certification that allows new drugs to be marketed under controlled conditions as research continues)
NHL non-Hodgkins Lymphoma  (lymphatic cancer not caused by Hodgkin’s disease; usually B-cell lymphoma)
NIAID National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH National Institutes of Health
NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(s)
OI Opportunistic Infection (infection which takes advantage of suppressed immunity to cause disease)
pa prescription abbreviation(s) (any of a number of different shorthand versions of various prescription instructions, usually of Greek or Latin origin)

NOTE: see How to Read a Prescrption

pcg picogram (a unit of weight in microscience; equal to one-trillionth of a gram)
PCP Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (AIDS-related lung infection caused by a microparasite)
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PFT pulmonary function test (test of lung function)
PGL Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (chronically swollen lymph nodes)
PHS Public Health Service (also USPHS: US Public Health Service)
PI Principal Investigator (the primary research conducting a clinical trial)
PLWA Person Living With AIDS
PML Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy (rare fatal viral brain infection)
PWA Person with AIDS
PWHIV Person with HIV (Also: PWA/HIV: Person with HIV/AIDS)
RBC red blood cell  (red corpuscle, the main oxygen-carrying blood cell)
RNA Ribonucleic Acid (a simpler form of DNA, DeoxyriboNucleic Acid; used as the main reproductive molecule only in very primitive viruses, such as HIV)
RT Reverse Transcriptase (reproductive viral enzyme that allows HIV to copy its genetic information from it’s own RNA to the host cell’s DNA)
Rx physician shorthand for Recommendation (or prescription)
SC subcutaneous (beneath the skin, e.g., a subcutaneous injection)
SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (measure of liver function, see also ALT/AST)
SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (measure of liver function, see also ALT/AST)
SIV Simian Immunodeficiency Virus  (virus that causes an AIDS-like illness in monkeys)
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease(s)  (any disease transmitted by sexual contact)
Sx physician shorthand for Symptom
TIBC total iron-binding capacity (measure of blood health)
TMP-SMX Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim/Septra) (combination of two broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs)
Tx physician shorthand for Treatment
VZV Varicella (Herpes) Zoster Virus (see also HZV)
WBC white blood cell (also white blood cell count)

Convents

CONVENTIONS USED IN the AIDS MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

The Encyclopedia is divided into four general topic areas and two additional appendixes. This hierarchy is outlined in greater detail in our What is the AIDS Medical Encyclopedia page. We consider the Encyclopedia website to be fairly intuitive to navigate, and the topic area titles listed in the main index and sub-indexes to be reasonably self-explanatory. For more information on how to get the most out of this website, please see our page on How to Use this Web Archive. The website’s general topic areas are further subdivided into a hierarchy of indexes, which eventually lead to single documents on specific individual topics. Within each of these documents, you will find information on the subject from a wide variety of sources, each of which is named. A link is usually provided to the organization’s website, if one exists.

The only convention consistently used throughout the Encyclopedia (aside from the listing of standard citations to outside publications) is that of the hyperlink. For the uninitiated, hyperlinks are interactive links that, when “clicked” by a left mouse button, allow the reader to “jump” to another document containing additional information related to the current topic. The presence of a hyperlink is indicated when the cursor’s shape changes from an arrow to a pointing hand, and by blue boldface highlighting. On this website, hyperlinks will generally transport the reader to documents or sub-indexes within the Encyclopedia website itself, but may sometimes lead to another website or Internet archive.

In some cases, a few links may be inactive (blue bold highlighting, but no response when clicked), or may appear in bold italic font face. These are indications of documents that we have not yet added to the archive, for one reason or another, but should be adding soon. The Encyclopedia website must be considered a work in progress, and will probably remain so due to the rapidly changing nature of AIDS medicine (see below). We ask the reader’s patience while we continue to add new and updated documents to this extensive archive in the future.

The reader should also keep in mind that in some cases, only limited reliable data may be available for some AIDS treatments. This fact, and space limitations, may prevent us in some cases from posting all information available on every single topic. Instead, we have chosen to concentrate on only the most reliable information currently available on opportunistic infections and those therapies most commonly used. On these topics, we have tried to provide as much information as space will allow.

Finally, it is one of the curses of any new field of medicine that information changes rapidly; and this is perhaps more true of AIDS medical care than any other field of medicine. AIDS medical information can rapidly become out-dated, and this is the main reason why the dissemination of AIDS medical information must be an ongoing process. It is also why we have chosen to publish this collection of AIDS medical information electronically, rather than on paper: website documents are far simpler and cheaper to update! We make our best efforts to always provide the most current and reliable information available from our sources, but a quick look through the material held here will reveal that in some areas we may fall behind in this difficult task. We therefore ask the reader’s kind indulgence as we change and update materials held here. Wherever possible, standard citations for any new research developments will be appended to documents when and where needed, so that the motivated reader will be able to acquire information on new developments easily. We also encourage our readers to visit all source organizations from which our materials are taken in order to stay fully informed on AIDS medical issues.